Nephrology, Urology and Therapeutics

Chronic renal failure is the progressive loss of nephrons leading to permanent impairment of renal function. There are usually no early symptoms, but common symptoms observed later include swollen legs, loss of appetite, fatigue, vomiting, and confusion. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, high force per unit area, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease and glomerulonephritis are some of the causes of chronic nephropathy. The classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is based on estimated GFR and recognizes five stages of kidney disease.